New York State Bankruptcy Exemptions
§ 5205. Personal property exempt from application to the satisfaction of money
judgments
(a) Exemption for personal property. The following personal property when owned
by any person is exempt from application to the satisfaction of a money
judgment except where the judgment is for the purchase price of the exempt
property or was recovered by a domestic, laboring person or mechanic for work
performed by that person in such capacity:
1. all stoves kept for use in the judgment debtor's dwelling house and necessary
fuel therefor for sixty days; one sewing machine with its appurtenances;
2. the family Bible, family pictures, and school books used by the judgment
debtor or in the family; and other books, not exceeding fifty dollars in value,
kept and used as part of the family or judgment debtor's library;
3. a seat or pew occupied by the judgment debtor or the family in a place of
public worship;
4. domestic animals with the necessary food for those animals for sixty days,
provided that the total value of such animals and food does not exceed four
hundred fifty dollars; all necessary food actually provided for the use of the
judgment debtor or his family for sixty days;
5. all wearing apparel, household furniture, one mechanical, gas or electric
refrigerator, one radio receiver, one television set, crockery, tableware and
cooking utensils necessary for the judgment debtor and the family;
6. a wedding ring; a watch not exceeding thirty-five dollars in value; and
7. necessary working tools and implements, including those of a mechanic, farm
machinery, team, professional instruments, furniture and library, not exceeding
six hundred dollars in value, together with the necessary food for the team for
sixty days, provided, however, that the articles specified in this paragraph
are necessary to the carrying on of the judgment debtor's profession or
calling.
(b) Exemption of cause of action and damages for taking or injuring exempt
personal property. A cause of action, to recover damages for taking or injuring
personal property exempt from application to the satisfaction of a money
judgment, is exempt from application to the satisfaction of a money judgment. A
money judgment and its proceeds arising out of such a cause of action is
exempt, for one year after the collection thereof, from application to the
satisfaction of a money judgment.
(c) Trust exemption.
1. Except as provided in paragraphs four and five of this subdivision, all
property while held in trust for a judgment debtor, where the trust has been
created by, or the fund so held in trust has proceeded from, a person other
than the judgment debtor, is exempt from application to the satisfaction of a
money judgment.
2. For purposes of this subdivision, all trusts, custodial accounts, annuities,
insurance contracts, monies, assets or interests established as part of, and
all payments from, either any trust or plan, which is qualified as an
individual retirement account under section four hundred eight or section four
hundred eight A of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended,
[fig 1] a Keogh (HR-10), retirement or other plan established by a corporation,
which is qualified under section 401 of the United States Internal Revenue Code
of 1986, as amended, or created as a result of rollovers from such plans
pursuant to sections 402 (a) (5), 403 (a) (4), 408 (d) (3) or 408A of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or a plan that satisfies the
requirements of section 457 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended,
shall be considered a trust which has been created by or which has proceeded
from a person other than the judgment debtor, even though such judgment debtor
is (i) in the case of an individual retirement account plan, an individual who
is the settlor of and depositor to such account plan, or (ii) a self-employed
individual, or (iii) a partner of the entity sponsoring the Keogh (HR-10) plan,
or (iv) a shareholder of the corporation sponsoring the retirement or other
plan or (v) a participant in a section 457 plan.
3. All trusts, custodial accounts, annuities, insurance contracts, monies,
assets, or interests described in paragraph two of this subdivision shall be
conclusively presumed to be spendthrift trusts under this section and the
common law of the state of New York for all purposes, including, but not
limited to, all cases arising under or related to a case arising under sections
one hundred one to thirteen hundred thirty of title eleven of the United States
Bankruptcy Code, as amended.
4. This subdivision shall not impair any rights an individual has under a
qualified domestic relations order as that term is defined in section 414(p) of
the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or under any order
of support, alimony or maintenance of any court of competent jurisdiction to
enforce arrears/past due support whether or not such arrears/past due support
have been reduced to a money judgment.
5. Additions to an asset described in paragraph two of this subdivision shall
not be exempt from application to the satisfaction of a money judgment if (i)
made after the date that is ninety days before the interposition of the claim
on which such judgment was entered, or (ii) deemed to be fraudulent conveyances
under article ten of the debtor and creditor law.
(d) Income exemptions. The following personal property is exempt from
application to the satisfaction of a money judgment, except such part as a
court determines to be unnecessary for the reasonable requirements of the
judgment debtor and his dependents:
1. ninety per cent of the income or other payments from a trust the principal of
which is exempt under subdivision (c); provided, however, that with respect to
any income or payments made from trusts, custodial accounts, annuities,
insurance contracts, monies, assets or interest established as part of an
individual retirement account plan or as part of a Keogh (HR-10), retirement or
other plan described in paragraph two of subdivision (c) of this section, the
exception in this subdivision for such part as a court determines to be
unnecessary for the reasonable requirements of the judgment debtor and his
dependents shall not apply, and the ninety percent exclusion of this paragraph
shall become a one hundred percent exclusion;
2. ninety per cent of the earnings of the judgment debtor for his personal
services rendered within sixty days before, and at any time after, an income
execution is delivered to the sheriff or a motion is made to secure the
application of the judgment debtor's earnings to the satisfaction of the
judgment; and
3. payments pursuant to an award in a matrimonial action, for the support of a
wife, where the wife is the judgment debtor, or for the support of a child,
where the child is the judgment debtor; where the award was made by a court of
the state, determination of the extent to which it is unnecessary shall be made
by that court.
(e) Exemptions to members of armed forces. The pay and bounty of a
noncommissioned officer, musician or private in the armed forces of the United
States or the state of New York; a land warrant, pension or other reward
granted by the United States, or by a state, for services in the armed forces;
a sword, horse, medal, emblem or device of any kind presented as a testimonial
for services rendered in the armed forces of the United States or a state; and
the uniform, arms and equipments which were used by a person in the service,
are exempt from application to the satisfaction of a money judgment; provided,
however, that the provisions of this subdivision shall not apply to the
satisfaction of any order or money judgment for the support of a person's
child, spouse, or former spouse.
(f) Exemption for unpaid milk proceeds. Ninety per cent of any money or debt
due or to become due to the judgment debtor for the sale of milk produced on a
farm operated by him and delivered for his account to a milk dealer licensed
pursuant to article twenty-one of the agriculture and markets law is exempt
from application to the satisfaction of a money judgment.
(g) Security deposit exemption. Money deposited as security for the rental of
real property to be used as the residence of the judgment debtor or the
judgment debtor's family; and money deposited as security with a gas, electric,
water, steam, telegraph or telephone corporation, or a municipality rendering
equivalent utility services, for services to judgment debtor's residence or the
residence of judgment debtor's family, are exempt from application to the
satisfaction of a money judgment.
(h) The following personal property is exempt from application to the
satisfaction of money judgment, except such part as a court determines to be
unnecessary for the reasonable requirements of the judgment debtor and his
dependents:
1. any and all medical and dental accessions to the human body and all personal
property or equipment that is necessary or proper to maintain or assist in
sustaining or maintaining one or more major life activities or is utilized to
provide mobility for a person with a permanent disability; and
2. any guide dog, service dog or hearing dog, as those terms are defined in
section one hundred eight of the agriculture and markets law, or any animal
trained to aid or assist a person with a permanent disability and actually
being so used by such person, together with any and all food or feed for any
such dog or other animal.
(i) Exemption for life insurance policies. The right of a judgment debtor to
accelerate payment of part or all of the death benefit or special surrender
value under a life insurance policy, as authorized by paragraph one of
subsection (a) of section one thousand one hundred thirteen of the insurance
law, or to enter into a viatical settlement pursuant to the provisions of
article seventy-eight of the insurance law, is exempt from application to the
satisfaction of a money judgment.
(j) Exemption for New York state college choice tuition savings program trust
fund payment monies. Monies in an account created pursuant to article
fourteen-A of the education law are exempt from application to the satisfaction
of a money judgment as follows:
1. one hundred percent of monies in an account established in connection with a
scholarship program established pursuant to such article is exempt;
2. one hundred percent of monies in an account is exempt where the judgment
debtor is the account owner and designated beneficiary of such account and is a
minor; and
3. an amount not exceeding ten thousand dollars in an account, or in the
aggregate for more than one account, is exempt where the judgment debtor is the
account owner of such account or accounts.
For purposes of this subdivision, the terms "account owner" and "designated
beneficiary" shall have the meanings ascribed to them in article fourteen-A of
the education law.
(k) Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, where the
judgment involves funds of a convicted person as defined in paragraph (c) of
subdivision one of section six hundred thirty-two-a of the executive law, and
all or a portion of such funds represent compensatory damages awarded by
judgment to a convicted person in a separate action, a judgment obtained
pursuant to such section six hundred thirty-two-a shall not be subject to
execution or enforcement against the first ten percent of the portion of such
funds that represents compensatory damages in the convicted person's action;
provided, however, that this exemption from execution or enforcement shall not
apply to judgments obtained by a convicted person prior to the effective date
of the chapter of the laws of two thousand one which added this sentence or to
any amendment to such judgment where such amendment was obtained on or after
the effective date of this subdivision. For the purpose of determining the
amount of a judgment which is not subject to execution or enforcement pursuant
to this subdivision: (i) the court shall deduct attorney's fees from that
portion of the judgment that represents compensatory damages and multiply the
remainder of compensatory damages by ten percent; and (ii) when the judgment
includes compensatory and punitive damages, attorney's fees shall be pro rated
among compensatory and punitive damages in the same proportion that all
attorney's fees bear to all damages recovered.
§ 5206. Real property exempt from application to the satisfaction of money
judgments
(a) Exemption of homestead. Property of one of the following types, not
exceeding fifty thousand dollars in value above liens and encumbrances, owned
and occupied as a principal residence, is exempt from application to the
satisfaction of a money judgment, unless the judgment was recovered wholly for
the purchase price thereof:
1. a lot of land with a dwelling thereon,
2. shares of stock in a cooperative apartment corporation, [fig 1]
3. units of a condominium apartment, or
4. a mobile home.
But no exempt homestead shall be exempt from taxation or from sale for
nonpayment of taxes or assessments.
(b) Homestead exemption after owner's death. The homestead exemption continues
after the death of the person in whose favor the property was exempted for the
benefit of the surviving spouse and surviving children until the majority of
the youngest surviving child and until the death of the surviving spouse.
(c) Suspension of occupation as affecting homestead. The homestead exemption
ceases if the property ceases to be occupied as a residence by a person for
whose benefit it may so continue, except where the suspension of occupation is
for a period not exceeding one year, and occurs in consequence of injury to, or
destruction of, the dwelling house upon the premises.
(d) Exemption of homestead exceeding fifty thousand dollars in value. The
exemption of a homestead is not void because the value of the property exceeds
fifty thousand dollars but the lien of a judgment attaches to the surplus.
(e) Sale of homestead exceeding fifty thousand dollars in value. A judgment
creditor may commence a special proceeding in the county in which the homestead
is located against the judgment debtor for the sale, by a sheriff or receiver,
of a homestead exceeding fifty thousand dollars in value. The court may direct
that the notice of petition be served upon any other person. The court, if it
directs such a sale, shall so marshal the proceeds of the sale that the right
and interest of each person in the proceeds shall correspond as nearly as may
be to his right and interest in the property sold. Money, not exceeding fifty
thousand dollars, paid to a judgment debtor, as representing his interest in
the proceeds, is exempt for one year after the payment, unless, before the
expiration of the year, he acquires an exempt homestead, in which case, the
exemption ceases with respect to so much of the money as was not expended for
the purchase of that property; and the exemption of the property so acquired
extends to every debt against which the property sold was exempt. Where the
exemption of property sold as prescribed in this subdivision has been continued
after the judgment debtor's death, or where he dies after the sale and before
payment to him of his portion of the proceeds of the sale, the court may direct
that portion of the proceeds which represents his interest be invested for the
benefit of the person or persons entitled to the benefit of the exemption, or
be otherwise disposed of as justice requires.
(f) Exemption of burying ground. Land, set apart as a family or private burying
ground, is exempt from application to the satisfaction of a money judgment,
upon the following conditions only:
1. a portion of it must have been actually used for that purpose;
2. it must not exceed in extent one-fourth of an acre; and
3. it must not contain any building or structure, except one or more vaults or
other places of deposit for the dead, or mortuary monuments.
Insurance Law
§ 3212. Exemption of proceeds and avails of certain insurance and annuity
contracts
(a) In this section:
(1) The term "proceeds and avails", in reference to policies of life insurance,
includes death benefits, accelerated payments of the death benefit or
accelerated payment of a special surrender value, cash surrender and loan
values, premiums waived, and dividends, whether used in reduction of premiums
or in whatever manner used or applied, except where the debtor has, after
issuance of the policy, elected to receive the dividends in cash.
(2) An annuity contract includes any obligation to pay certain sums at stated
times, during life or lives, or for a specified term or terms, issued for a
valuable consideration, regardless of whether such sums are payable to one or
more persons, jointly or otherwise, but does not include payments under a life
insurance policy at stated times during life or lives, or for a specified term
or terms.
(3) The term "creditor" includes every claimant under a legal obligation
contracted or incurred after December thirty-first, nineteen hundred
thirty-nine.
(4) The term "execution" includes execution by garnishee process and every
action, proceeding or process whereby assets of a debtor may be subjected to
the claims of creditors.
(b) (1) If a policy of insurance has been or shall be effected by any person on
his own life in favor of a third person beneficiary, or made payable otherwise
to a third person, such third person shall be entitled to the proceeds and
avails of such policy as against the creditors, personal representatives,
trustees in bankruptcy and receivers in state and federal courts of the person
effecting the insurance.
(2) If a policy of insurance has been or shall be effected upon the life of
another person in favor of the person effecting the same or made payable
otherwise to such person, the latter shall be entitled to the proceeds and
avails of such policy as against the creditors, personal representatives,
trustees in bankruptcy and receivers in state and federal courts of the person
insured. If the person effecting such insurance shall be the spouse of the
insured, he or she shall be entitled to the proceeds and avails of such policy
as against his or her own creditors, trustees in bankruptcy and receivers in
state and federal courts.
(3) If a policy of insurance has been or shall be effected by any person on the
life of another person in favor of a third person beneficiary, or made payable
otherwise to a third person, such third person shall be entitled to the
proceeds and avails of such policy as against the creditors, personal
representatives, trustees in bankruptcy and receivers in state and federal
courts of the person insured and of the person effecting the insurance.
(4) (A) The person insured pursuant to paragraph one of this subsection or the
person effecting the insurance other than the spouse of the insured pursuant to
paragraph two hereof, and the person effecting the insurance pursuant to
paragraph three hereof, or the executor or administrator of any such persons,
or a person entitled to the proceeds or avails of such policy in trust for such
persons shall not be deemed a third person beneficiary, assignee or payee.
(B) A policy shall be deemed payable to a third person beneficiary if and to
the extent that a facility-of-payment clause or similar clause in the policy
permits the insurer to discharge its obligation after the death of the person
insured by paying the death benefits to a third person.
(5) This section shall be applicable whether or not the right is reserved in any
such policy to change the designated beneficiary and whether or not the policy
is made payable to the person whose life is insured if the beneficiary,
assignee or payee shall predecease such person; and no person shall be
compelled to exercise any rights, powers, options or privileges under such
policy.
(6) If a policy of insurance has been or shall be effected by any person on his
own life or upon the life of another person, the policyowner shall be entitled
to any accelerated payments of the death benefit or accelerated payment of a
special surrender value permitted under such policy as against the creditors,
personal representatives, trustees in bankruptcy and receivers in state and
federal courts of the policyowner.
(c) (1) No money or other benefits payable or allowable under any policy of
insurance against disability arising from accidental injury or bodily infirmity
or ailment of the person insured, shall be liable to execution for the purpose
of satisfying any debt or liability of the insured, whether incurred before or
after the commencement of the disability, except as provided in subsection (e)
hereof.
(2) With respect to debts or liabilities incurred for necessaries furnished the
insured after the commencement of disability, the exemption shall not include
any income payment benefits payable as a result of any disability of the
insured, and with respect to all other debts or liabilities incurred after the
commencement of disability of the insured, the exemption of income payment
benefits payable as a result of any disability of the insured shall not at any
time exceed payment at a rate of four hundred dollars per month for the period
of such disability.
(3) When a policy provides for lump sum payment because of a dismemberment or
other specific loss of insured, such payment shall be exempt from execution of
insured's creditors.
(4) This subsection shall not affect the assignability of any benefit otherwise
assignable.
(d) (1) The benefits, rights, privileges and options which, under any annuity
contract are due or prospectively due the annuitant, who paid the consideration
for the annuity contract, shall not be subject to execution.
(2) The annuitant shall not be compelled to exercise any such rights, powers or
options contained in the annuity contract, nor shall creditors be allowed to
interfere with or terminate the contract, except as provided in subsection (e)
hereof and except that the court may order the annuitant to pay to a judgment
creditor or apply on the judgment in installments, a portion of such benefits
that appears just and proper to the court, with due regard for the reasonable
requirements of the judgment debtor and his family, if dependent upon him, as
well as any payments required to be made by the annuitant to other creditors
under prior court orders.
(3) The benefits, rights, privileges or options accruing under such contract to
a beneficiary or assignee shall not be transferable nor subject to commutation.
If the benefits are payable periodically or at stated times, the same
exemptions and exceptions contained herein for the annuitant shall apply with
respect to such beneficiary or assignee.
(4) The benefits, rights, privileges or options accruing under an annuity
contract funding a structured settlement which would otherwise be
nontransferable under this subsection may be transferred in accordance with
title seventeen of article five of the general obligations law. As used in this
paragraph the term "structured settlement" means an arrangement for periodic
payments of damages for personal injuries established by settlement or judgment
in resolution of a tort claim; and the term "periodic payments" shall include
scheduled future lump sum payments.
(e) (1) Every assignment or change of beneficiary or other transfer is valid,
except in cases of transfer with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud
creditors, as defined by article ten of the debtor and creditor law. In such
cases creditors shall have all the remedies provided by such article ten.
(2) (A) Subject to the statute of limitations, the amount of premiums or other
consideration paid with actual intent to defraud creditors as provided in
article ten of the debtor and creditor law, together with interest on such
amount, shall enure to the benefit of creditors from the proceeds of the policy
or contract; but the insurer issuing such policy or contract shall be
discharged of liability thereunder by making payments in accordance with its
terms, or in accordance with any assignment, change of beneficiary or other
transfer, unless before any such payment such insurer shall have received
written notices, by or on behalf of any such creditor, of a claim to recover
any benefits on the ground of a transfer or payment made with intent to defraud
such creditor.
(B) The notice shall specify the amount claimed or sufficient facts to enable
the insurer to ascertain such amount, the insurance or annuity contract, the
person insured or annuitant, and the transfers or payments sought to be avoided
on the ground of fraud.
(3) (A) Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of this section or other law,
any right of subrogation to benefits to which a local social services district,
the department of social services, or the commissioner of health or his
designee, shall be entitled shall be valid and enforceable to the extent
benefits are available under any individual accident and health insurance,
group or blanket accident and health insurance, or noncancellable disability
insurance policy, or any subscriber contract made by a corporation subject to
the provisions of article forty-three of this chapter, except that no such
right of subrogation shall be enforceable if such benefits may be claimed by
the department of social services, an appropriate social services official or
the commissioner of health or his designee, by agreement or other established
procedure, directly from an insurance carrier.
(B) The right of subrogation does not attach to insurance benefits paid or
provided under any health insurance policy prior to the receipt by the carrier
issuing such insurance of written notice from the department of social
services, a local social services district, or the commissioner of health or
his designee, of the exercise of subrogation rights.
(C) No right of subrogation to insurance benefits available under any health
insurance policy shall be enforceable unless written notice of the exercise of
such subrogation right is received by the carrier within two years from the
date services for which benefits are provided under the policy or contract are
rendered.
(4) No terms of any policy or contract which directly or indirectly prevent or
prohibit the assignment of rights under any policy or contract prevent a local
social services district, the department of social services, or the
commissioner of health or his designee, from claiming benefits to which it
shall be subrogated. The right of subrogation attaches to any benefits paid or
provided under any policy, plan or contract upon receipt of written notice of
the exercise of such subrogation rights.
(f) This section shall likewise apply to group insurance policies or annuity
contracts, to the certificates or contracts of fraternal benefit societies, and
to the policies or contracts of cooperative life and accident insurance
companies.
Debtor & Creditor Law
§ 282. Permissible exemptions in bankruptcy
Under section five hundred twenty-two of title eleven of the United States
Code, entitled "Bankruptcy", an individual debtor domiciled in this state may
exempt from the property of the estate, to the extent permitted by subsection
(b) thereof, only (i) personal and real property exempt from application to the
satisfaction of money judgments under sections fifty-two hundred five and
fifty-two hundred six of the civil practice law and rules, (ii) insurance
policies and annuity contracts and the proceeds and avails thereof as provided
in section [fig 1] three thousand two hundred twelve of the insurance law and
(iii) the following property:
1. Bankruptcy exemption of a motor vehicle. One motor vehicle not exceeding
twenty-four hundred dollars in value above liens and encumbrances of the
debtor.
2. Bankruptcy exemption for right to receive benefits. The debtor's right to
receive or the debtor's interest in: (a) a social security benefit,
unemployment compensation or a local public assistance benefit; (b) a veterans'
benefit; (c) a disability, illness, or unemployment benefit; (d) alimony,
support, or separate maintenance, to the extent reasonably necessary for the
support of the debtor and any dependent of the debtor; and (e) all payments
under a stock bonus, pension, profit sharing, or similar plan or contract on
account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service unless (i)
such plan or contract, except those qualified under section 401 [fig 1] , 408
or 408A of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, was
established by the debtor or under the auspices of an insider that employed the
debtor at the time the debtor's rights under such plan or contract arose, (ii)
such plan is on account of age or length of service, and (iii) such plan or
contract does not qualify under section four hundred one [fig 2] (a), four
hundred three [fig 3] (a), four hundred three [fig 4] (b), four hundred eight,
four hundred eight A, four hundred nine or four hundred fifty-seven of the
Internal Revenue Code of nineteen hundred eighty-six, as amended.
3. Bankruptcy exemption for right to receive certain property. The debtor's
right to receive, or property that is traceable to: (i) an award under a crime
victim's reparation law; (ii) a payment on account of the wrongful death of an
individual of whom the debtor was a dependent to the extent reasonably
necessary for the support of the debtor and any dependent of the debtor; (iii)
a payment, not to exceed seventy-five hundred dollars on account of personal
bodily injury, not including pain and suffering or compensation for actual
pecuniary loss, of the debtor or an individual of whom the debtor is a
dependent; and (iv) a payment in compensation of loss of future earnings of the
debtor or an individual of whom the debtor is or was a dependent, to the extent
reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and any dependent of the
debtor.
§ 283. Aggregate individual bankruptcy exemption for certain annuities and
personal property
1. General application. The aggregate amount the debtor may exempt from the
property of the estate for personal property exempt from application to the
satisfaction of a money judgment under subdivision (a) of section fifty-two
hundred five of the civil practice law and rules and for benefits, rights,
privileges, and options of annuity contracts described in the following
sentence shall not exceed five thousand dollars. Annuity contracts subject to
the foregoing limitation are those that are: (a) initially purchased by the
debtor within six months of the debtor's filing a petition in bankruptcy, (b)
not described in any paragraph of section eight hundred five (d) of the
Internal Revenue Code of nineteen hundred fifty-four, and (c) not purchased by
application of proceeds under settlement options of annuity contracts purchased
more than six months before the debtor's filing a petition in bankruptcy or
under settlement options of life insurance policies.
2. Contingent alternative bankruptcy exemption. Notwithstanding section two
hundred eighty-two of this article, a debtor, who (a) does not elect, claim, or
otherwise avail himself of an exemption described in section fifty-two hundred
six of the civil practice law and rules; (b) utilizes to the fullest extent
permitted by law as applied to said debtor's property, the exemptions referred
to in subdivision one of this section which are subject to the five thousand
dollar aggregate limit; and (c) does not reach such aggregate limit, may exempt
cash in the amount by which five thousand dollars exceeds the aggregate of his
exemptions referred to in subdivision one of this section or in the amount of
two thousand five hundred dollars, whichever amount is less. For purposes of
this subdivision, cash means currency of the United States at face value,
savings bonds of the United States at face value, the right to receive a refund
of federal, state and local income taxes, and deposit accounts in any state or
federally chartered depository institution.
Note: Exemptions may have changed since our last update. For the latest updates on these property exemptions, speak to a local bankruptcy lawyer.
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